POL4313: PEACE AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION (2005/2006)

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
FACULTY OF SOCIAL AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES
BAYERO UNIVERSITY, KANO

POL4313: PEACE AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION


COURSE LECTURER: M.M. YUSUF
VENUE:
TIME:
SESSION: 2005/2006 SECOND SEMESTER

INTRODUCTION

Globalization has radically transformed the world, manifested among other things in contradictory relationship of global integration and local fragmentation. This development has resulted in violence and many forms of conflict-ethnic, religious, industrial, political in many parts of the world, especially in the Third World Countries.

This course introduces new perspectives on peace and conflict resolution studies which examines economic globalization and its implications for frequent violence and conflict, especially among local populations of Third World Countries.

The aim of the course is to expose students to some major concepts, theories, arguments, and empirical evidence on globalization and conflict, and thus to give useful starting points for re-orientation of the dominant framework of studies on peace and conflict resolution in Nigeria.

The course identifies four major areas in the literature in respect of the subject matter i.e. globalization and conflict. First we will review the arguments on globalization and conflict. This will include among other things economic liberalisation, violence and war as well as globalisation, information technology and conflict. The second issue introduces a number of arguments on impact of economic globalisation on conflict in trade relations and between foreign and local forces in oil producing areas of the Niger Delta of Nigeria. The third deals with arguments and empirical cases of globalisation in relation with industrial, ethnic and political conflict. Fourthly, is globalisation and conflict management including peace building, post conflict development and reconstruction, as well as arguments and debates on anti-globalisation for sustainable peace.

TOPIC AND READINGS
1. General Introduction
Introducing the course, the topics to be treated, the readings, course requirements, assessment of the programme by students, other issues.
2. Definitions of key concepts globalisation
Conflict, social conflict, resolution, problem-solving conflict resolution, peace, peacekeeping, peace-building, conflict prevention, conflict provention, Third party, New war, etc.

Required Readings

1. James Mittelmann (editor): Globalisation: Critical Reflections
2. Robert Cox: A perspective on globalisation
3. Jan Aart scholte: Globalisation: A critical introduction
4. David Held et al: Global transformations: politics, economics and culture pgs. 1-31
5. Emma Pearce, The inevitability discourse of globalisation Website.
6. James Petras and Henry Veltmeyer, Globalisation unmasked: Imperialism in the 21st century
7. John Burton, conflict resolution pgs. 1 – 11
8. Definitions of the concepts on the Web
9. IRC, Conflict Resolution pgs. 6 – 12

3. Economic Globalisation, Violence and Conflict
Required Readings

1. Samuel P. Huntington, “The clash of civilisation”
2. Francis Fukuyama, “The end of History
3. Yash Tandon, “The violence of globalisation”. Website
4. PhilMarfleet, “Globalisation and religious activism” in Ray Kiely and PhilMarfleet Globalisation and the Third World
5. George Spriet, “Globalisation and conflict”. Website
6. Gerald Schnerder, “War in the Era of Globalisation”, Website
7. Edward S. Herman, “The threat of Globalisation”, Website
8. Micheal D. Intriligator, “Globalisation of the World Economy: Potential benefits and costs and a Net Assessment”, Website
9. Joseph Stiglitz”, Globalisation and its Discontents”, Website

4. Globalisation and Conflict: Variant forms of conflict; Theories of conflict;
Required Readings
1. Patrice Yengo: “Globalisation, New War order and perpetuation of conflicts in Africa”. Codesria Bulletin
2. Martin Shaw; War and globality: the role and character of war in the global transition. Website
3. Adebayo Adedeji (ed), Comprehending and mastering African conflicts: The search for sustainable peace and good Governance
4. Mohammed Suliman (ed): Ecology, Politics and Violent Conflict
5. Stefan Main, “The New World of Privatised Violence”. International Politics and Society 2/2003

5. Globalisation, Information technology and conflict
Required Readings
1. The Editorial Board, “Economic globalisation; capitalism in the age of electronics”, from Rally, Comrades; Vol.15 number 2
2. International politics and society 3/2005. Articles by Bert Hoffman; Eun Jeung Lee; Albrecht Hofheinz; Hendrik Russiex; and Amita Etzion
3. Ali Mazrui: “Nigeria between Lord Lugard and the Digital Divide; Political Culture and the skill Revolution”, Website
4. Manuel Castells”, Information Technology, Globalisation and social development” Pgs 8-11
5. Harry Cleaver”, The Zapatistas and the Electronic Fabric of Struggle”, Website.
6. Globalisation and Cultural Conflict
Required Readings
1. Samuel Huntington, “Clash of Civilisations”.
2. Francis Fukaya, “The End of History”

7. Globalisation and Ethnic Conflict
Required Readings
1. John R. Bowen, “The Myth of Global Ethnic Conflict”, Journal of Democracy, October 1996
2. A.S. Mohammed; The dynamics of the current ethnic conflicts in Africa; Nature, context and consequences” NJPS Vol.12, 1997
3. Marina Ottaway; “Ethnic politics in Africa: change and continuity” in Richard Joseph (ed), State, conflict and Democracy in Africa
4. Steven L. Burg; “Nationalism and Civic identity: Ethnic models for Macedonia and Kosovo”, in Barnel R. Rubin (ed), cases and strategies for preventive action
5. Yusuf Banguna, “The search for identity: Ethnicity, Religion and political violence

8. Globalisation and Collapse of States in Africa
Required Readings
1. J.D. Kandeh; “Ransoming the state, elite origins of subaltem terror in Sierra Leone ROAPE No.83
2. Chris Allen; “Warfare, Endemic Violence and state collapse in Africa” ROAPE No.81
3. Theodore Trepan Sakua et al, “State failure in the Congo; Perceptions and realities. ROAPE No.93/94
4. Roger Charlton and Roy May, “Warlonds and Militarism in Chad”. ROAPE No.48
5. David Keen, “Greedy Elites, dwindling resources, alienated youths: The anatomy of protracted violence in Sierra Leone” International Politics and Society 2/2003
6. Stephen Ellis, “The Old Roots of Africans New Wars” IPS 2/2003
7. William Reno, “Political Networks in a failing state: The Roots and future of violent conflict in Sierra Leone”. IPS 2/2003
8. William Reno, “War Lord Politics and African States”
9. William I. Zartman (ed), Collapsed States. The disintegration and restoration of legitimate Authority
10. Ken Menkhaus, “State Collapse in Somalia: Second Thoughts” ROAPE No.97
11. Jutta Bakonyi and Kirsts Stuvoy, “Violence and social Order Beyond the State: Somalia and Angola” ROAPE Nos. 104/5 2005


9. Globalisation, Oil and Conflict
Required Readings
1. Al Geddicks; “Resource Rebels: Native Challenges to Mining and Oil Corporation” (South-End Press 2001) Website
2. J. G. Frynas and G. Wood, “Oil and War in Angola” ROAPE No.90
3. Anna Zalik, “The Niger Delta: Petro Violence and Partnership Development”. ROAPE No.101
4. Kenneth Omeje, “The State Conflict and evolving politics in the Niger Delta, Nigeria”. ROAPE No.101
5. ACAN Bulletin: Its about oil. ROAPE No.91.
6. Sandra T. Barnes, “Global Flows: Terror, Oil and Strategic Philanthropy. ROAPE No. 104/5
7. Thomas A. Imogbighe, “Conflict in Niger Delta: A Unique case, or a ‘model’ for future conflicts in other oil producing countries”?
8. human Rights Watch, The price of Oil: Corporarate responsibilities and Human Rights Violations in Nigeria’s oil producing communities
9. CDHR, Boiling point: The crisis in the oil producing communities in Nigeria
10. Joel Bisina, “Oil and Corporate Recklessness in Nigeria’s Niger Delta Region. Website
11. Ojakonotu Victor, Oil, minorities and politics of exclusion in the Niger Delta of Nigeria”. Website
12. Norman D. Livergood, “The New U.S. British Oil Imperialism”. Website
10. Globalisation and Industrial Conflict
Required Readings
1. Peter Gibbon, “Present-day Capitalism. The New International Trade Regime and Africa”. ROAPE No.91
2. Ronaldo Munck, Globalisation and Labour: The new Great Transformation
3. Kerstin Hamann and John Kelly, “Union revitalisation through political action? Evidence from five countries”
4. Bjorn Beckman, “African Trade Unions and the Politics of Reform”
5. Website, “For a New Trade Union Initiative: Globalisation and Labour”
6. Colin Hay, “Globalisation: New Labour and Alternatives
7. Ashim Roy, “Imperialist Globalisation and Labour”. Website
8. UD, “Globalisation, Work and Labour Standard”. Website
9. Ismet Akca, “Globalisation, State and Labour”. Website
10. Brian W.B. and John D.R.C., “Labour Law and the challenges of Globalisation”
11. Sukomal Sen, “Impact of capitalist globalisation on the working-class: The public and financial services”. Website
12. Bjorn Beckman and L.M. Sachikonye (eds), Labour Regimes and Liberalisation: The restructuring of state-society relations in Africa
13. Edward Webster and Sakhela Buhlungu, “Between Marginalisation and Revitalisation? The state of Trade Unionism in South Africa”. ROAPE No.100
14. Jeremy Seekings, “Trade Unions, Social Policy and Class Compromise in Post-apartheid South Africa”. ROAPE No.100

11. Regional Trade Agreements and Violent Conflict
Required Readings
1. Mehrene Larudee, “Integration and income distribution under the NAFTA: the experience of Mexico”. In Dean Baker et al (eds), Globalisation and Progressive Economic Policy
2. Andrew F. Cooper, “NAFTA and the politics of Regional Trade”. In Brian Hocking and Steven McGuire (eds), Trade politics
3. Also chapters 15, 16, 17, and 18 in Brian Hocking and Steven McGuire (eds)
4. Alice Enders, “The Europe Agreements and NAFTA: A Comparison of their Ends and Means”. IPS 3/1996
5. Mario E. Carranza, “Leaving the Backyard: Latin America’s European Option”. IPS 2/2004
6. Marcel Vaillant, “Mercosur: Southern Integration under construction”. IPS 2/2005
7. Derrick G. Wilkinson, “NAFTA and the Environment: Some Lessons for the Next Round of GATT Negotiations”. The World Economy Vol.17 No.3, May 1994
8. Diana Tussie and Ngaire Woods, “Trade Regionalism and the threat to multilateralism” In Ngaire Woods (ed), The political Economy of globalisation
9. June Nash and Christine Kovuc, “The reconstitution of Hegemony. The Free Trade Act and the Transformation of Rural Mexico”, M. James Mittleman
10. David Bacon, Not all Strawberies and Cream: The Children of NAFTA

12. Globalisation, Politics and Conflict
Required Readings
1. Stephen Gill, “Globalisation, Democratisation and the politics of indifference”. In James Mittlemen (ed)
2. Marx Blyth, “Globalisation and the limits of Democratic Choice: Social Democracy and the Rise of Political Cartelisation”. IPS 2/2002
3. Thandika Mkandawure, “Crisis Management and the making of choiceless Democracies”. In Richard Joseph (ed.)
4. Richard Joseph, “State, Conflict and Democracy in Africa”. In Richard Joseph (ed.)
5. Crawford Young, “The Third Wave of Democratisation in Africa”. In Joseph (ed.)
6. Website, “Globalisation, Democracy and Conflict”

13. Globalisation and Conflict Management/Resolution
Theories and approaches; role of Third Party; the role of state, conflict parties, and other bodies; laws of armed conflict; African versus western model.
Required Readings
1. John Burton, “Conflict Resolution and provention
2. Fred E. Jandt, “Conflict Resolution through communication
3. Graeme Duncan, “Marx and Mill: Two views of social conflict and social harmony
4. IRC, conflict resolution
5. James B. Donovan and Rafael P. Mclaughln, “United Nations Peacekeepers and International Human Law: can there be an affirmative duty to prevent War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity? Website
6. Arent Liphant, Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Explanation
7. R. T. Akinyele, “Power-sharing and conflict management in Africa; Nigeria, Sudan and Rwanda”. Africa Development Vol.12, 1997
8. Rian Leath and Hussaini Solomon, “On ethnicity and Ethnic conflict management in Nigeria”. Africa Journal in Conflict Resolution No.1/2001
9. Yusuf Banguna, “Democratisation and Governance Reforms in Plural Societies
10. Stephen Wright, “Nigeria; Dilemmas Ahead: A Political Risk Analysis
11. Peter Anyang Nyongo, “Elections and Democratic Transitions in Africa: The Kenyan experience in the African context. Keynote Address
12. Eric Stern et al. “Crisis Management in Transitional Democracies; The Baltic Experience”. Government and Opposition Vol.37 No.4/2003

14. Globalisation and Conflict Management/Resolution
Peacekeeping/peace-building. Post-conflict Development and Reconstruction; Anti-globalisation; building sustainable peace?
Required Readings
1. Winrich Kunne, “Peace support operations: How to make them succeed”. IPS 4/1999
2. John Rope, “Regional Versus Global Approaches to peacemaking and peace enforcement” IPS 2/1996
3. Tom Woodhouse, “Commentary: Negotiating a New Millennium? Prospects for African Conflict Resolution”. ROAPE No.68/1996
4. IRC Conflict Resolution
5. David Moore, “Levelling the Playing fields and Embedding illusions; Post-conflict Discourse and New-liberal Development in War torn Africa”. ROAPE No.23/2000
6. Alex Boraine, A Country Unmasked
7. Kumar Krishna, Post-conflict elections, Democratisation and International Assistance
8. Shepard Forman and Steward Patricia, Good Intentions, Pledges of aid for Post-Conflict Recovery
9. Review by Chlck and Morse, “New Formulation Theory of the Anti-Globalisation Movement”. Website
10. Sylvester Odion Akhaine (ed.), Path to demilitarisation and Democratic consolidation in West Africa
11. Alex de Waal (ed.), Demilitarising the mind; African Agendas for peace and security

15. Conclusion
This period will be divided into two sessions. First is a session on a simulation of conflict management by students – a situation of conflict either real or imagined will be proposed and students would be organised to engage in verbal communications to prevent and provent the conflict. Second, is a critical discourse by students on their classroom experience and views on the subject-matter of the course, the method of imparting knowledge on the course, the usage of internet, the team work as well as the education received and its relevance.

Additional Readings
1. Glenn Adler, “Global restructuring and Labour; The case of the South African Trade Union Movement”. James Mittleman (ed.)
2. Peter M. Lewis, “Nigeria: The challenges of Preventive Action”. In Barnett Rubin (ed.)
3. Roger Southall, “Dilemmas of the Kenyan Succession”. ROAPE No.75/1998
4. _________________ , “Mois Flawed Mandote; The Crisis continues in Kenya”. ROAPE No.75/1998
5. Rok Ajulu, “Kenya’s Democracy Experiment: The 1997 Election”. ROAPE No.76/1998
6. Materials on 2003 Elections in Nigeria
7. Augustine Ikelegbe, “Civil Society, Oil and Conflict in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria; ramifications of civil society for a regional resource struggle”. JMAS Vol.39 3/2001
8. Patrick Johnson, “Timber Boom, State Busts; The Political Economy of Liberian Timber”. ROAPE No.101
9. Aart Scholte, Democratising the global economy; the role of civil society. website
10. Ali A. Mazrui, “Globalisation, Islam, and the West: Between Homogenisation and Hegemonisation”. The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 15:3
11. Issa G. Shivji, “Globalisation and popular Resistance”. Website
12. Adamu Fate Jigaware Seminar, “Globalisation and conflict: A case study of commercial conflict between USA and European Union”. POL4313 Seminar Long Essay 2004/2005 session
13. Caroline Ifeka, “Conflict, complicity and confusion: unravelling empowerment struggle in Nigeria after the return to Democracy ROAPE No.83
14. Graham Harrison, “Conflict Resolution in a Non-conflict situation; Tension and Reconciliation in Mecufi, Northern Mozambique ROAPE No.81
15. Caroline Ifeka, “Ethnic Nationalities, God and the State: Whither the Federal Republic of Nigeria”? ROAPE No.85
16. Charles O. Lerche III, “The conflicts of globalisation”. Website
17. Ray Bush and Morris Szeftel, “Commentary: Taking Leave of the Twentieth Century”. ROAPE No.65 (1993)
18. Zartman I. W., Conflict Resolution in Africa
19. Utterwulgle S. (1999), “Rwanda’s Protracted Social conflict: Considering the subjective perspectives in conflict resolution strategies”. Website.
20. John M.R. “Investment Dependence and Political Conflict in Developing Countries: A Comparative Regional Analysis”. In Kathleen Barry (ed.), Foreign Direct Investment in a Changing global Political Economy.
21. Peter Anyong Nyongo, “Governance, Security and Conflict Resolution”. In Bade Onimode et al African Development and Governance strategies
22. Hans O. S. “Foreign capital and social conflict in Indonesia”, in Robert I. Rhodes (ed.)
23. Chris Brown, “History Ends, World collide”, in Michael Cox et al, The interregnum controversies in World Politics 1989-1999
24. Francis M. Deng, “Mediating Competing claims to self-determination: The case of Sudan”, in Issa Shiuji (ed.), State and constitutionalism: An African Debate on Democracy.
25. Amadu Wurre Khan, “Journalism and Armed Conflict in Africa: The Civil War in Southern Africa”. In ROAPE No.78.

Course Requirements
The teaching of the course is by giving lectures on the topics above. Each topic is expected to be covered in one lecture period. However, the last thirty (30) minutes of each period will be for discussion on chosen text or question for weekly assignment.

Assessment of students is based on end of the semester examination (70%) and continuous Assessment (30%). The CA will be determined in the following ways.

Weekly Assignment/Participation in Discussion/Attendance
There will be weekly readings and presentations of the texts for discussion. As you will be divided into seminars, in the last 30 minutes of each period a seminar will be called upon. Class participation is very important if everyone is to learn from other peoples points of view. Therefore, when a seminar is called some will submit their reports while others will respond.

The readings and the reports are not going to be simple summaries. They should bring out five things. First, is to briefly identify the issues raised in the text. Secondly, bring out one of the major issues and analyse the argument by giving a critique of it. Thirdly, in making the critique bring some empirical evidence to support your observation on the authors’ argument.

My usual rule applies here too. That is that any student who missed one weekly assignment will not be awarded any mark for the weekly assignments. (10%)

Research Project
Each seminar will be involved in a small research project. The research paper will reflect the course coverage on globalisation and conflict issues. The paper is expected to be presented according to a standard of original contribution with theoretical insights on the area of the research. A paper which has not followed the standard and or contains many typographical errors will not be graded. (5%)

Research Project Response Paper
The small research project of each seminar will be given to another seminar to respond and present while the original authors will be by the side to defend their works (5%).

ICT Usage
As in POL.4301 we will source many of the teaching materials via the internet. You are expected to perfect the skills you acquired in POL.4301. Every week you will go on internet. The internet partnership and the cyber club will continue. On any paper you write I want see a lot of internet input.

Then each member of the class must have an e-mail account. The posting of relevant messages on the course is encouraged. Each seminar will e-mail me any work done collectively while anyone of you who wishes can e-mail me. From our experience of this session in POL.4301 and POL.4313 I will personally open e-mail account specifically, for globalisation and conflict and a different one for military and politics (5%).

Supervised Test
There will be a test based on the paper “Study guidelines for effective performance by my students” (5%)

Attendance
Class attendance is very important. You are hereby informed that if you are going to miss my class, please notify me at least 24hours in advance. Any seminar called for weekly presentation anybody present will be awarded 5%. While anybody who is called in the class for whatever reason and is absent will get -5 from his/her total CA.

Simulation of Conflict Resolution
This is to show how to resolve conflict. A conflict situation – real or imagined would be formulated and the students to be organised in a kind of theatre performance of conflict resolution to bring peace.

Poetic Composition
Each member of the class will formulate a poetry which will reflect the subject matter of the course.

Critical Comments by Students on their Classroom Experience
At the end of the semester each seminar will make a presentation on the classroom experience as specified on the teaching programme circulated.

On Being Against Plagiarism
In order to purify the system of learning and research I have to take strict disciplinary action against any student who is found on plagiarism. What is plagiarism? In Oxford Mini reference Dictionary you find the following entries on the word plagiarism – “take and use (another’s writings, etc) as ones own”.

To be precise, plagiarism is academic dishonesty. This includes dishonesty in assignments, tests, or in short claiming credit for any work not done or done by others.

To avoid plagiarism you must not paraphrase someone else work and present it as your own. Again, all sources consulted should be properly acknowledged. While reviewing your colleagues work it must be strictly on what the authors wrote about.

The penalty is that any assignment found to be plagiarised will receive a zero. Also, any student found plagiarising in a test will get a zero. Any student found in two instances of plagiarism will result in being assessed “00” in the overall continuous assessment on the course.


DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
FACULTY OF SOCIAL AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES
BAYERO UNIVERSITY, KANO

POL4313: PEACE AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION

The following are semester seminar Essays of students of Peace and Conflict Resolution of the last two Academic Session selected for the contributions they made on the subject. They are recommended for your studies in this academic year (2005/2006). You are hereby encouraged to follow the footsteps of these students by working hard to produce a qualitative Group Essay materials to join these ones.

S/N
Author/s
Title
Year
1.
Francis O.J et al
Africa the home of conflict; An analysis of changing pattern of conflict in a changing world
2003/2004
2.
Mustapha Aminu et al
Conflict Resolution in Post Cold War Africa: An assessment of the role of NGOs
2003/2004
3.
Abdulhamid Ahmad Abdullahi et al
Peacekeeping in Post Cold War Africa: A critical Assessment
2003/2004
4.
Shuaibu Bawa Jaja et al
The prospect and challenge of African Union in Conflict Management and Prevention
2003/2004
5.
Abdullahi Shuaibu Yusuf et al
The role of Ecomoc in Peacekeeping mission in Africa
2003/2004
6.
Idris Yakubu Halliru et al
Conflict Management in a Multi-ethnic and Religious Society: The Nigerian perspective
2003/2004
7.
Adamu Fade Jigaware et al
Globalisation and conflict: A case study of commercial conflict between USA and Europe
2204/2005
8.
Hafsat Y. Yakasai et al
Globalisation and conflict: A case of Iraq-USA War
2004/2005
9.
Muhammad Hambali Mohammad
Globalisation and conflict: A case study of Niger Delta Crisis
2004/2005
10.
Chinedu I.U. et al
Globalisation and Conflict: A case study of Darfur
2004/2005

ALL THE ATTACHMENTS IN POL.4301 ARE ALSO RELEVANT HERE. THESE ARE:
1. Assessing students examination papers; Marking Scheme
2. Enhancing students capacity in learning through the use of computers, internet and e-mail
3. Introducing Team/Group Works in Large Classes
4. How to use Internet to source reading materials
5. Study Guidelines for Effective performance by my students
6. How to make patterned notes from texts
7. Writing examination: A communicative approach
8. How to write group semester paper in large classes
9. How to write Book Review


DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
FACULTY OF SOCIAL AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES
BAYERO UNIVERSITY, KANO

POL4313: PEACE AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION

SIMULATION OF CONFLICT MANAGEMENT AND PREVENTION

A scenario of conflict in Nigeria is hereby imagined. It is this: “Nigeria is approaching breakdown of spoils politics whose consequences may lead to internal war, collapse of the state, emergence of warlords and private armies”.

As students of peace and conflict resolution you are expected to study, discuss and debate this problem in a mock session of gathering/forum of government officials, University Academics, students, professional organisations, non-governmental organisations, human right organisations, women organisations, pro-democracy organisations, etc.

The intention is to dissect the problem and propose management, provention and prevention of the developing conflict situation.

Suggested guidelines for students study on the matter;

- Conceptual framework: students are to note that conflict resolution and prevention are literally the same. The only difference is that conflict resolution is a case of short-term approach to conflict which has already developed while prevention is the longer term policy approach to eliminate the sources of conflict.
v Because of this difference, the procedures of conflict prevention cannot be the same with procedures of conflict resolution.
v In prevention there is the problem of what are the parties and what are the issues.
v Actually, the parties in the case of the imagined conflict are not specific one, but the totality of the society
v The issues are broader issues of the common good, and of political interests and ideologies
v You have to be careful as conflict prevention is like dealing with unknown and virtually never tried or never yet developed
v Again in conflict resolution the issues are observable. But not in conflict prevention
v What is the significance of this case – for stability; democracy and good governance; welfare of the people; sustainable development of Nigeria; etc.

- Understanding the problem as conflict:
v Establish layers of causation
v Democracy and intensification of the problem today
v How the patronage system grows
- What responses
v The international communities
v The civil society
v The state
- The Risk Nigeria faces because of the problem
- Risk scenario; breakdown of order; state failure; growth of personalised rule with increasing spoils system; extending democracy.
- Along the line what premptive measures are appropriate to challenge the causes? How can state collapse be recognised on the horizon and prevented? What are the effective remedies for the perceived causes and characteristics of the problem?