DEPARTMENT OF
POLITICAL SCIENCE
BAYERO
UNIVERSITY, KANO
NIGERIA
SUB-THEME:
STATE, SOCIETY AND ECONOMY IN 21ST CENTURY AFRICA
2013/2014
ACADEMIC YEAR
INSTRUCTOR: M. M. YUSIF
INTRODUCTION
This is the
syllabus of the course on the Political Economy of Africa, which is part of the
Masters Degree Programme of the Department of Political Science, Bayero
University, Kano – Nigeria during 2013/2014 Academic year. The course is taught
during the first semester.
It is
intended to expose students for a research work which centers on an analysis of
state, society and economy in 21st Century Africa.
The issues
for treatment are deliberately selected to give a background on the controversy
about state theory, perspectives on state – society relations and debates on
current topical issues on Africa.
It is
expected that the course will be covered in fifteen (15) weeks. Weekly meetings
of three hours each will be divided into three track display of ideas: first is
40 minutes of talks or lecture by the course instructor – followed by two
working sessions – one is discussion of a selected text relevant on the topic
of the week and two, either a discussion of a specific research work or any
other programme the lecturer may come-up with. There are going to be working
groups discussions.
The texts
selected for reading are meant to give theoretical and methodological guide to
students on analysis of the issues. There are many other materials as
literature which have covered the themes, rather narrowly or broadly, or as
case studies. Texts on Nigeria are abundant and can be obtained. Students are
expected to read widely. Online sources are relevant. Become independent
researcher and learner now!
DESCRIPTION OF THE COURSE
Globalization
of the World Economy refers to the ability of capital to move freely across
national boundaries. As a result of this, the world, especially the African
continent, is going through rapid transformation, whose, social, political and
economic characters posed many critical questions on theory and practice of the
state. For instance, if state represents class interest what is the logic of
characterizing it weak or strong? Again, if it is said that globalization has
weakened the state, one may ask, is it not the state which has generated
globalization? Or is it globalization which has necessarily shaped the power of
the state? Many similar questions depicting the relation between state and
society will be raised.
Yes! The
“end of geography” thesis has pushed the idea that globalized form of economic
activity has undermined the ability of nation-state to control the national
economy. On the other hand, as an expression of class power the state must
project the interest of the nation. Otherwise wouldn’t it be irrelevant?
The central
focus of this course, in this academic year is state, society and economy in
21st century Africa. The teaching programme is divided into four
parts of a single process of development of knowledge. First is conceptualizing
political economy of Africa. Secondly, paradigms of state-society relationship.
Thirdly, is state theory on Political Economy. The fourth will treat issues on
political economy of Africa.
COURSE SYLLABUS
Week 1: GENERAL
INTRODUCTION
Introducing
the course and what it is about; course requirements; methods for students of
political science; contribution of the students on the teaching programme.
Readings
1.
L. T. Smith (1999). Decolonizing Methodologies
2.
Mauro C. and Rosanna D. “E. Research: An
Introduction to Online Political Science for Beginners and Skeptics”. IPSR
Vol. 28 No. 2.
3.
Stephen V. F. Guide to Methods for Students of
Political Science. (Online).
4.
Margaret Stacey (1977). Methods of Social Research.
5.
Catherine C. V. “Research on an African Mode of Production”.
FOR DISCUSSION
The
challenge of methodology in political studies.
Week 2: CONCEPTUALISING
POLITICAL ECONOMY OF AFRICA
READINGS
1.
Emmanuel Wallerstein, The Capitalist World - Economy
2.
Antonio Merlo, “Whither Political Economy? Theories,
Facts and Issues”.
3.
Claude A. “The Political Economy Approach. Explanatory
Notes on Marxian Theory in Africa”.
4.
Claude A. (1978). A Political Economy of Africa.
Heinemann. London.
5.
A. G. Frank, Development and Underdevelopment
6.
Oxaal, Barnett
and Booth, Beyond the Sociology of Development: Economy and Society in Latin
America and Africa.
7.
Bade O. “Marx, Africa and the World System”.
Conference Paper.
8.
Peter Worseley, One World or Three: A Critique of the
World System Theory of Emmanuel Wallerstein.
DISCUSSION QUESTION
What is
Africa and where is it in the World System.
Week 3: STATE
AND SOCIETY: PARADIGMS OF THE RELATIONSHIP
Readings
1.
Lawrence Harris, “The State and the Economy: Some
Theoretical Problems”. The Socialist Register 1980.
2.
Beckman, B. (1993). “The Liberation of Civil
Society: Neo-Liberal Ideology and Political Theory. ROAPE No. 58.
3.
Hamdy A. and Rahman H. (2009) “The State and Civil
Society in Africa: North African Perspective”. Online.
4.
Colin Crouch (1979), “The State, Capital and Liberal
Democracy”. In Colin Crouch (ed.) State and Economy in Contemporary Capitalism.
Croom Helm London.
5.
Harry Goulbourne, “Some Problems of Analysis of the
Political in Backward Capitalist Social Formation”.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1.
How does the Economy determine the relationship between
state and society?
2.
What could you say from any African country to show
the nature of changing state – society relations.
Week 4: THEORETICAL
FOUNDATION: STATE IN MARXIST THEORY – FROM LENIN TO GRAMSCI
Readings
1.
Lenin V. I. State and Revolution.
2.
Marx K. (1977). The Eighteenth Brumaire in of Loius
Bonasparte. Progress Publishers Moscow.
3.
Marx K. (1977). The Class Struggle in France. Progress
Publisher Moscow.
4.
Gramsci, A. (1972). Selections from Prison
Notebooks. Lawrence and Wisharl London.
5.
Carnoy M. (1984). The State and Political Theory.
Princeton University Press Now Jersy, Chapters, 2 and 3.
6.
Andreas B. and Adam D. M. (2003). “Globalisation,
the State and Class Struggle: A Critical Economy Engagement with Open Marxism”.
British Journal of Politics and International Relations Vol. 5 No. 4.
7.
Fred B. (198). “Beyond Relative Autonomy” in Socialist
Register.
8.
Berch B. (1983). “The Class Nature of the State in
Peripheral Formations”. JCA Vol. 3. No. 3.
9.
James Petras (1978). “Aspects of Class Formation in
the Periphery: Power Structures and Strategies. In Critical Perspectives on
Imperialism and Social Classes in Third World. Monthly Review Press. Now York
and London.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1.
There are varied perspectives of State: Pluralist;
Institutionalist; Historical Humanist and Marxian class Perspectives. Bring out
and observe Marx’s Class Perspective of State.
2.
How does Gramsci fit Marxian Class Perspective
Approach
3.
What are the differences if there are between Marx’s
classical theory of state and the Gramscian. Give a basis of these for
understanding social change and control in Africa.
Week 5: STATE
THEORY: PARADIGMS IN CHAOS
Readings
1.
Jessop B. (1990). “Putting States in their Place:
Once more on Capitalist States and Capitalist Societies”. (Online).
2.
Carnoy M. (1984). The State and Political Theory.
Ibid.
3.
John Holloway and Sol Picciotto (1978). State and
Capital. A Marxist Debate. Edward trnold. London.
4.
Werner B. “The Capitalist State: Illusion and
Critique”.
5.
Poulantzas N. (1975). Classes in Contemporary Capitalism
Verso London.
6.
Poulantzas N. (1968). Political Power and Social
Classes. Francois Maspero London.
7.
Clarks S. (1978). “Capital, Fractions of Capital and
the State: Neo-Marxist Analysis of the South African State”. In Capital and
Class No. 5.
8.
Davies R. and others (1976). “Class Struggle and the
Periodisation of the State in South Africa”. In ROAPE No. 7.
9.
Innes D. and Plaut B. (1978). “Class Struggle and the
State”. In ROAPE No. 11.
10.
Kaplan D. (1979). “Relations of Production, Class
Struggle and the State, in South Africa in the interwan period”. ROAPE Nos.
15/16.
11.
Othman S. (1984). “Classes, Crises and Coup: the
demise of shagari’s regime”. In African Affairs Vol. 83 No. 333.
12.
M. M. Yusif (1985). The rise of Industrial Bourgeosie:
the 1983 coup and Prospects of Dependents Industrialisation in Nigeria.
Proceedings of 1985 NPSA Conference Ilorin.
13.
M. M. Yusif (1985). “Economic Crisis, Accumulation and
Class Confrontation in Nigeria: 1979 – 1983”. (Online).
14.
Saul J. S. (1981). “The Unsteady State: Uganda, Obote
and General Amin. ROAPE No. 5.
15.
Hamza A. (1979). “The State in Post-Colonial
Societies: Pakistan and Bangladesh in Goulbourn H. Politics and State in
the Third World. Macmillan London.
16.
Iliband R. (1973). The State in Capitalist Society.
Quartel Books London.
17.
Poulantzas N. and Ralph Miliband “The Problems of the
Capitalist State.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1.
State Theory is in Chaos as Theories of State are also
Theories of Politics. Assess any one Theory of State with Reality of Politics
in any African Country.
2.
Examine the relevance of poulantzas – Miliband
Controversy on State to any African Society.
Week 6: STATE
THEORY IN GLOBALISATION: PARADIGM LOST
Readings
1.
Alessandro B. and others. “Global Post-Fordism and
Concepts of the State.
2.
William I. R. (1998). “Capitalist Globalisation and
the Transnationalisation of the State”.
3.
William I. R. (2000). “Towards a Global Ruling?
Globalisation and the Transnational Capitalist Class.
4.
Leslie S. “The Transnational Capitalist Class and the
Discourse of Globalisation”.
5.
Jan A. S. (1997). “Global Capitalist and the State”.
International Affairs Vol. 73 No. 3.
DISCUSSION QUESTION
Is a State
Located in African Territories Irrelevant in the Logic of Capital in the Era of
Neo-Liberal Globalisation?
Working Group Discussion
The Growth/Development
of State is Accompanied by Diverse Analysis of New Social Roles in the Society.
Discuss and Report this Case with Reference to any Society in Africa.
Week 7: AFRICA
IN A GLOBALISING ECONOMY: THE ROLE OF STATE
Readings
1.
Samir A. (2002). “Africa: Living on the Fringe”.
Monthly Review Vol. 53 (10).
2.
No name, “The Political Economy of Africa in the
Global System”.
3.
Loxley J. (1987). “The IMF, the World Bank and
Sub-Saharan Africa: Policies and Politics”. Kjell I. J. The IMF and the
World Bank in Africa: Conditionality, Impact and Alternatives.
4.
Lipietz A. (1984). “How Monetarism has Chocked Third
World Industrialisation”. New Left Review No. 145.
5.
Bjoin B. “State and Capitalist Development in
Nigeria”. ROAPE No. 23.
6.
……, “Neo-Colonialism, Capitalism and the State in
Nigeria”.
7.
Ishrat Hussain and Rashid Faruquee (eds.) Adjustment
in Africa: Lessons from Country Case Studies. The World Bank. Washington.
DISCUSSION QUESTION
1.
Is it Correct to Say that Globalisation has Made the
African State Weak?
2.
Capital moved to stage final conquest of Africa
through structural adjustment programme. Examine the different role of the
state on this project.
3.
The beneficiaries of neo-liberal economic programs are
not African communities but rather the thin layer of elites who sponsor such
programmes. Do you agree?
Week 8: GLOBALISATION,
STATE AND DEMOCRACY DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA
Readings
1.
Alan H. (1980). Marxism and Democracy. Lawrence and
Wishart London.
2.
Barry H. (ed.) (2000). Global Democracy. Key Debates.
Routledge. London.
3.
Svetozar S. (1981). “Marxism and Democracy. The Ruling
Class or the Dominant Class? (Online).
4.
William Z. (2008). “Sub-Saharan Africa: Implosion or
Take-off? (Online).
5.
Omano E. (2005). A Democratic Developmental State in
Africa? A Concept Paper. (Online).
6.
Richard J. (
). State, Conflict and Democracy in Africa. Parts I and II.
7.
Michael, B. and Nicolas V. W. (1997). Democratic
Experiment in Africa, Cambridge University Press.
8.
Mamadoes D. (1998). Political Liberalisation or
Democratic Transition: African Perspectives Codescia.
9.
Eshetu, C. and Jibrin, I. (eds.) (1995)
Democratisation Processes in Africa: Problems and Prospects. Codesria Book
Series.
10.
Larry D. (1999). Developing Democracy Toward
Consolidation – John Hopkins University Press.
11.
Nnoli O. (2000). “Globalisation and Democracy in
Africa”. D. W. Nabudere (ed.) Globalisation and the Post-Colonial African
State. AAPS Books Zimbabwe.
12.
Ake C. (2001). Democracy and Development in africa.
Spectrum Books Ibadan.
13.
Larry, D. and Mark K. P. (1979). Democratisation in
Africa. The Johns Hopkins University
Press. Baltimore and London.
14.
Peter, G., Yusuf, B. and Arve, O. (1992). Authoritarianism
Democracy and Adjustment: The Politics of Economic Reform in Africa. The
SIAS Uppsala Chapters 1 and 2.
15.
Lars Rudebeck (ed.) (1992). When Democracy Makes
Sense. AKUT Uppsala.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1.
Neo-Liberal Globalisation has Made Sense in Creating
Liberalisation out of Dictatorship but from Democracy Point of View is
Nonsense.
2.
Democracy Manages State Power but Since the Local Power
Base in the Era of Globalisation is Weak Democracy too Becomes Weak and
Superficial.
3.
Democracy and Development in Africa? Assess the
Relationship.
4.
Examine the Sense of the Argument that Since the
Ruling-Class has Become Transnational the State too is Transnational and
Democracy ought to be Global.
Week 9: CAPITALISM,
STATE AND LABOUR IN AFRICA
Readings
1.
Richard Hyman (1975). Industrial Relations: A Marxist
Introduction. The Macmillan Press Ltd – London.
2.
Dominie Strinati (1979). “The State and Industrial
Relation”. Colin Crouch (ed.). The Economy in Contemporary Capitalism Croom
Helm London.
3.
Leo-Panitch (1986). Working Class Politics in Crisis:
Essays on Labour and the State. Chapters 6 and 7.
4.
Beckman, B. and Sachikonye L. M. (eds.) (2001). Labour
Regime and Liberalisation: The Restructuring of State and Society Relations in
Africa. AAPS Books Zimbabwe.
5.
Yusuf Bangura and Bjorn Beckman (1988). “African
Workers and Structural Adjustment: The Nigerian Case”. Dharam Ghai (ed.).
The IMF and the South: the Social Impact of Crisis and Adjustment.
6.
Bjorn Beckman, “Trade Unions and Institutional
Reform: Nigerian Experiences with South African and Ugandan Comparison”.
7.
Bjorn Beckman, “The Politics of Reform: Responses of
African Trade Unions with a South African Case.
8.
Bjorn Beckman, “African Trade Unions and the Politics
of Reform”.
9.
Eskor Toyo. “Deregulation, Collective Bargaining and
the Settlement of Industrial Disputes”.
10.
Ismel Akca. “Globalisation, State and Labour:
Towards a Social Movement Unionism”.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1.
Fordist State in Nigeria became a reality in labour
control but post-fordist is as if the concept is a myth.
2.
Globalisation Restructured Capital-Labour Relations
Making the Politics of Labour Simpler to Control.
3.
Regulation Theory and Labour Relation. Comment.
Week 10: GLOBALIZATION
THE STATE AND URBAN YOUTH IN AFRICA
Readings
1.
Richard Sandbrook (1982). The Politics of Basic Needs:
Urban Aspects of Assalting Poverty in Africa. Heinemann London.
2.
M. M. Yusif (2011). The Dilemma of Neo-Liberal
Youths in Nigeria: The Post April 16th Violence. (Online).
3.
M. M. Yusif (2012). Social Violence Called Boko
Haram in Northern Nigeria: Some Thoughts. (Online).
4.
Mike Davis (2004). “Planet of Slums: Urban Involution
and the Informal Proletariat”. NLR No. 26.
5.
Asef Bayat (1997). Uncivil Society: The Politics of
the Informal People”. Third World Quarterly Vol. 18 No. 1.
6.
Frank Longstreth (1979). “The City, Industry and the
State”. Colin Crouch (ed.) The Economy in Contemporary Capitalism.
7.
Kaplan, Robert (1994). “The Coming Anarchy”. The
Atlantic Monthly No. 273 No. 2.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1.
Construct a Model of Understanding the Character of
Neo-Liberal Youths.
2.
The State and the Neo-Liberal Youths are the Strongest
Forces in African Cities Today. Analyse their Organisations and Politics in any
City of your choice.
3.
Neo-Liberal Youths Violence is Anti-Politics. Discuss.
Week 11: GLOBALIZATION,
STATE AND CLASSES IN AFRICA
Readings
1.
Werner Bonefeld. “Notes on Competition, Capitalist
Crisis, and Class”. (Online).
2.
Werner Bonefeld. “Marx Critique of Economics on
Lebowitz
3.
Alejandro Colas. “The Class Politics of
Globalisation”.
4.
Harry Cleaver. “The Inversion of Class Perspective
in Marxian Theory: From Valorisation to Self-Valorisation”.
5.
William K. Tabb. (2006). “Capital, Class and the
State in the Global Political Economy”.
6.
Karl Marx (1977). “Wage Labour and Capital”. Selected
Works Vol. 1.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1.
Globalization has raised theorizing about class
divisions to global. Is that theorizing a reality? If yes, what is the interface
between the lical and the global? If not make a concrete analysis of class
formation in any African Country.
2.
How is the local state, inspite of local divisions and
differences toward neo-liberal agenda negotiates with global power and imposed
the same to the whole society.
Week 12: THE STATE AND NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENTS IN
AFRICA
Readings
1.
Cyrus E. Z. “Crossing Frontiers: Theoretical
Innovations in the Syudy of Social Movements IPSR Vol. 29 No. 5.
2.
A. G. Frank and M. Fuentes. Nine thesis on Social
Movements Internationally.
3.
Peter Waterman (1991). Social Movement Unionism. A New
Model for a new World.
4.
…. (1993). Globalisation, Civil Society, Solidarity:
The Politics and Ethics of a World both Real and Universal.
5.
… (2001). Labour and Social Movements Confront a
Globalised, Informatised, Capitalism.
6.
HBF. (ND). State and (UN) Civil Society Debate. Lagos.
7.
Jibrin Ibrahim and Y. Z. Ya’u (2010). The Left and the
Human Rights Struggle in Nigeria. Chapters 1,3,7 and 8.
8.
Lloyd Sachikonye (ed.) (1991). Democracy, Civil
Society and the State. Social Movements in Southern Africa.
9.
Monoranja, M. Partha, N. M. and Olle T. (eds.) (1998).
Peoples Rights: Social Movements and the State in the Third World. Sage
Publications, London.
10.
Mahmood Mamdani and Ernest Wamba dia-Wamba (eds.)
(1995). African Studies in Social Movements and Democracy. Codesria Book
Series.
DISCUSSION QUESTION
Literature
Review Contains many theories on the subject of study. On the other hand
theoretical framework is constructed with many related ideas. Form any
Theoretical assumption and use not less than ten different texts to construct a
theoretical framework.
Week 13: STATE SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS
Readings
1.
Andrew Hurrell, “A Crisis of Ecological viability?
Global Environmental change and the National State”. In Political Studies Vol.
42 (1994)
2.
Narayonon N. C. (ed.) (2008). State, Natural Resource
Conflicts and Challenges to Governance. Where do we go from here? Chapter one.
3. Raymond
Williams, Socialism and Ecology.
DISCUSSION QUESTION
To master
nature for general human standards, rather than for mere profit or convenience
is a fundamental crisis of state system in Africa. Discuss.
Week 14: ALTERNATIVE ECONOMY, STATE AND BEYOND
Readings
1.
Andreas Pickel (ND). “Can Keynessianism Save the
Neo-Liberal World Order? Trent University, Ontario, Canada.
2.
Charles Gore (2000). “The Rise and Fall of the
Washington Consensus as a Paradigm for Developing Countries”. World
Development Vol. 28 No. 5.
3.
Nansjorg Hear and Jan Priewe (2005). “Beyond the
Washington Consensus: Macro-economic Politics for Development IPS No. 2.
4.
David Held (2006), Global Covenant: The Social
Democratic Alternative to the Washington Consensus. Polity Press Cambridge.
5.
Christine, B. N. and James, H. M. (2000).
“Conceptualising Resistance to Globalisation”. Barry, K. G. (ed.) Globalisation
and the Politics of Resistance. Palgrave London.
6.
Alex C. (2006). “Alternatives to Neo-Liberalism”.
7.
David M. K. “Socialism and Global Neo-Liberalism”.
8.
Elma Altvater. “Post Neo-Liberalism or
Post-Capitalism? The Failure of Neo-Liberalism in the Financial Market Crisis”.
9.
Learning from Asian Continent on bringing the State
Back and from Latin America on Resisting Neo-Liberalism (set of Readings will
be provided for these).
DISCUSSION QUESTION
This week
too is abnormal. Each student is expected to make selection of any text on
African studies, but of significant theoretical contribution, to review in not
more than two (2) pages computer-processed.
Week 15: CONCLUSION:
CLOSING UP; DISCUSSION OF CLASSROOM EXPERIENCE INCLUDING CRITICISM – SELF
CRITICISM; EATING AND CHATTING
Additional Readings
*1. Neils S. C. Hahn (2008), “Neo-Liberal Imperialism and Pan
African Resistance. Journal of World Systems Research”, Vol. XIII No. 2.
*2. Simutary N.
“Neo-Liberalism and the Relevance of Marxism to Africa: The Case of Zambia”.
*3. Ray Kiely and Phil
Marfleet (ed.) (1998). Globalisation and the Third World. Chapter one.
*4. Ash Narain Roy
(1999). The Third World in the Age of Globalisation. Zed Books. London and New
York. Chapters 5 and 6.
*5. Joo H. (ND).
Globalisation and the Nation-State: Dialectical and Contradictory
Internationalisation.
6. David Fasenfest. “Neo-Liberalism and the
Capitalist World Order”. (Online).
7. Joachim Hirsch. “Globalisation and the
Question of Democracy (Online).
8. Christopher P. ( ). “Democracy, markets and Capital: Are
there Necessary Economic Limits to Democracy”? In David Held (ed.) Prospects
for Democracy.
*9. Arne T. T. and
Mariken V. (eds.) (2001). Associational Life in African Cities: Popular
Responses to the Urban Crisis. Nordiska African Institute.
*10. Bjorn Beckman, Eva
Hansson, Anders Sjogren (2001). Civil Society and Authoritarianism in the Third
World. PODSU Stockhom University.
11. Joe Howell and Jerry Pecrce (2001). Civil Society
and Development: A Critical Explanations. Lynne and Rienner. United Kingdom.
12. John Ehrenberg. Beyond Civil Society”.
13. Bjorn Beckman. “Interest Groups and the
Construction of Democratic Space”.
14. Chris Allen (1997). “Who Needs Civil Society”.
ROAPE No. 73.
*15. Claude Ake (2001).
Democracy and Development in Africa. Spectrum Books, Ibadan.
*16. Claude Ake (1994).
Democratisation of Disempowerment in Africa. CASS Occasional Mongraph No. 1.
17. Chris Harman. The State and Capitalism Today”.
(Online).
18. Ron Tabor. “The Marxist Theory of State”.
(Online).
19. John Braithwaite (1981). “The Myth of Social
Class and Criminality Reconsidered”. American Sociological Review Vol. 45 No.
1.
20. Franz V. (1996). “From Violence to Justice and
Security in Cities”. Environment and Urbanisation”. Vol. 8 No. 1.
21. Peter Anyang Nyongo (ed.) (1987). Popular
Struggles for Democracy in Africa. Zeb Books London and New Jersy.
Requirements
v Readings
that are underlined are required texts to be read and reviewed by students for
class discussion.
v Those
marked with star under the additional readings are also important.
v Questions
that are raised at the end of each topic are guide for study by students. They
are also for discussion.
v The
teaching of the course is by a seminar form. However, the weekly readings of
the relevant texts is as important as the final written examination.
v Therefore,
students are expected to read all assigned materials, attend all classes and
participate actively in discussions.
v If you are not
going to attend any class tell me before the time. But when you return must
submit work for that week.
v Assessment
of students is based on end of semester examination (60%) and Continues
Assessment (40%).
v The CA
grades:
a) Attendance/class work/participation - 20%
b) Course Research Paper - 10%
c) Review of any text on African studies - 5%
d)
Working Group
Discussion/Literature
Review – Theoretical
Framework Nexus - 5%
v In order to
purify learning and research I have to take strict disciplinary action against
any student who is found on plagiarism. In our work we will be analyzing the
thoughts, arguments and evidence of others, to reformulate them to develop our
own ideas. So, you must not copy or paraphrase some one’s work and present it
as your own. Don’t come across idea of one writer in another text by another
writer and claim you got it from the original text. Finally, all texts
consulted should be properly acknowledged. These are elements of integrity of a
scholar.
