Wednesday 22 February 2017

POL 8406 : POLITICAL ECONOMY OF AFRICA SUB THEME: CAPITALIST DEVELOPMENT IN THE PERIPHERY: AFRICAN PERSPECTIVE








BAYERO UNIVERSITY, KANO – NIGERIA
FACULTY OF SOCIAL AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE



                                       
POL 8406 : POLITICAL ECONOMY OF AFRICA



SUB THEME: CAPITALIST DEVELOPMENT IN THE PERIPHERY: AFRICAN PERSPECTIVE



2016/2017 ACADEMIC YEAR



INSRUCTOR: M. M. YUSIF
E-mail: mmyusuf07@gmail.com

Introduction

The history of development of capitalism in “backward” societies is a contentious matter.  Indeed, the discourse has always been within the Marxian Tradition.

How Marxists understood the dynamics of capitalist development in Africa, Latin America and Asia constantly changed from one position to another over the course of the twentieth century.

From the light of the classical Marxian position that capitalism would have destroyed all primitive structures and pave the way for development of unhindered capitalism to a new position that capitalism retards or at most blocked capitalist development.

The dilemma in the above positions is that in one the countries are underdeveloped because there is no capitalism while in the other position capitalism caused their underdevelopment.

Further discourse resulted in revisions and interpretations of these positions.  At one end it is argued that capitalism can bring about industrialisation of the periphery but will not breakdown dependency and underdevelopment.  Then on the other hand, the discourse goes that foreign capital brings about substantial industrialisation, development and progress in the peripheral societies.

The theoretical foundation of the New Orthodoxy i.e market in relation to underdevelopment will be explored.  The debate would be placed that at one level state intervention is a problem of Africa’s development, therefore Market forces would ensure progress, while at another level market system brings a continuation of underdevelopment.

The problem of capitalist development in the periphery cannot be separated from four other concepts i.e. class, state revolution, and democracy.   These are going to be given attention in this course.  This would mean looking at problem of class analysis in Africa and the role of Indigenous Bourgeois in the capitalist development.  Then the nature of state and its transformation.  The question of revolution would also receive treatment as is impossible to be raising and discussing issues about dynamics of capitalist development without concepts on revolutionary thinking.  And of course to revisit the contemporary debate on capitalism and democracy.

The theoretical debate would be situated in a practical context, generally the Third World experience and specifically the Africa - selected case studies – Kenya, Ivory-Coast, Egypt and Nigeria would be examined.

The subject matter is the Political Economy of Africa.  As the description of the course shows Marxian perspective on political economy is the guiding principle.  Therefore, the controversy in the science on Africa will influence the orientation of the course.

It is intended to expose students to a research work on what Eskor Toyo called a “Return to Political Economy”, in this case to a study of dynamics of foreign capital, class and state in peripheral formations.

Course Syllabus

1. Introduction
Introducing the course and what it is about; course requirements; methods and guide for learning and research by students of political science.

Reading:
§  Mauro C. and Rosanna D.; “E-research: An Introduction to Online Political Science for Beginners and Skeptiks”., IPSA Vol. 28, No.2.
§  Margaret Stacey, (1977); Methods of Social Sciences Research.
§  Stephen V.F.; Guide to Methods of Social Sciences Research.  Online.
§  David G. Garson, (1976); Handbook of Political Science Methods.
§  Garry T. M.; “Research as Social Criticism”.  Online.

In place of First week assignment:
Each student in ten minutes is to make a review of any book ever read on development/underdevelopment; class analysis;  State in Post-colonial society;  Each will be given 5 minutes to present.

2. Theory and Method: A Path to Critical Knowledge.

Reading:
§  Trevor Bernes, (2006); “Between Deduction and Dialectics: David Harvey on Knowledge”.
§  David Harvey, (2006); “Space as a Key Word”.
§  Eric O. W., (1978); Class, Crisis and the State.  Chapter 1.



For Discussion:
§  Scientific approach to knowledge is not a fixed way to understand social phenomenon.  Discuss.
§  The Unity of Theory and practice strengthens the quality of scientific knowledge.  How and why?.
§  Examine the concepts of construction/reconstruction/deconstruction of knowledge.
3. Theory and Method: Marx’s Political Economy method and Africa:

Reading:
§  Engels; “Political Economy: Subject Matter and Method”.  In Anti-Duhring pgs 181-194.
§  Engels, “Karl Marx; “A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy”.  Selected Works.  Vol.1.
§  Karl Marx; “Preface to a Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy”.  In Selected Works.  Vol.1.
§  Yusufu B. U.; “Karl Marx and the Analysis of the Politics of Contemporary Africa”.
§  Bade O.; “Marx Africa and the World System”.
§  Swai B.S.; “Marx, Marxism and the Third World”.
§  Lartey G.W.; “The Poverty of African Marxism: A Critique of Interpretation of Marxian Analysis to Africa”.
§  Barongo J. S.; “Understanding African Politics: The Political Economy Approach”. NJPS Vol. 2, No.2.
§  Claude Axe; “The Political Economy Approach: Explanatory notes of Marxian legacy in Africa”.
§  Claude Axe; A Political Economy of Africa.

For Discussion
§  How is the subject matter of Marxian Political Economy relevant to study of capitalist development in the periphery?.
§  Discourse on Marxism, Marxian and Africa devides on its relevance or application to Africa.  How and why?.
§  Review and assessment of Bade O.; And Claude Axe (1978).

4. Theory and History matter: Classical Marxism on capitalist development in backward society:

Reading:
§  Dobb M., (1945); Studies in the Development of Capitalism
§  Rodney Hilton, (1978); “The Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism
§  Karl Marx and Engels “Manifesto of the Communist Party.  Selected Works, Vol.1.
§  Karl Marx, “British Rule in India”.  Selected works op. cit.
§  Karl Marx, “The Future results of British Rule in India”.  Selected works op. cit.
§  Anthony Brewer, (1980); Marxist Theories of Imperialism, Chapter 2.
§  Morris M. L., (1980); “The Development of Capitalism in South African Agriculture: Class Struggle in the country side”.

For Discussion:
§  Engagement in the debate on Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism introduced by Hilton with a reading of Dobb.
§  Discussion on Karl Marx that capitalism destroys primitive backwardness and set these societies on a path to progress by capital.
§  Examine by making a review of Morris, the theoretical lines on the development of capitalism in Agriculture in South Africa and the contradictions as a result of that in the country side.

5.   Capitalism and Underdevelopment: Dependency theory; World system theory; Class analysis theory:

§  A. G. Frank, Development and Underdevelopment.
§  Samir Amin (1974); Accumulation and Development: A Theoretical model RAOPE No.1.
§  Emmanuel Arghiri, (1972); Unequal exchange: A study of the imperialism of trade.
§  Geoffrey K., (1975; Development and Underdevelopment.  Chapter 5.
§  Emmanuel Wallenstein, (1979).  The Capitalist World Economy.
§  Emmanuel Wallenstein, (1974); “Development in an interdependent world.  The limited possibilities of transformation within the capitalist World Economy”.  African Studies Review, Vol. 17No.1.
§  Samir Amin, (1972); “Underdevelopment in Black Africa – Origin and Contemporary Forms”.  Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol.10, No.4.
§  Brenner R. (1977); “The origins of capitalist development: A critique of neo-Smithian Marxism, NLR, No.104.
§  Anthony Brewer, op. cit. Chapters 7, 8, 9 and 10.
§  Baratt brown M. (1972); Essays on imperialism, Chapter 1.

For Discussion
§  Bring out the main assumptions and differences of the contributions of A. G. Frank; Samir Amin; Emmanuel Argiri; Emmanuel Wallenstein and Geoffrey Kay on Capitalism and Underdevelopment.
§  In Marxist tradition there is no general theory which reduced underdevelopment of Third World Countries to their relations with developed countries.  Examine this from the contributions of Baran; Brenner; and Baratt Brown.

6. Capital and Progress Thesis: Industry and Development/Underdevelopment:

§  Bill Warren; “Imperialism and Capitalist Industrialisation”, NLR No.81 (1973).
§  Bill Warren, (1980); Imperialism: Pioneer of Capitalism.
§  Bob Sutcliffe, (1984); "Industry and Underdevelopment Re-examined.  The Journal of Development Studies, Vol.21.
§  Bob Sutcliffe, (1972); “Imperialism and Industrialisation in the Third World”.  Roger-Owen and Bob Sutcliffe (eds.).  Studies in the Theory of Imperialism.
§  Philips Anne, (1977); “The Concept of Development”.  ROAPE, No. 8.
§  Berch Berberonglu, (1984); “The Controversy over Imperialism and Capitalist Industrialisation: Critical Notes on the Dependency Theory”.  JCA, Vol. 14, No.4.

For Discussion:
§  Is independent industrialisation possible in the periphery?
§  Examine Bill Warren critically from original Marxist theory;
§  Assess underdevelopment thesis from theory and methodology.

7. Modes of Production, involvement in the World Economy and Underdevelopment

Reading:
§  Harold Wolpe, (1980); The Articulation of modes of production: Essays from Economy and Society, pgs 1-43.
§  Hindess B. And Hirst P.Q. (1975). Pre-Capitalist mode of production
§  Samir Amin, (1976); Unequal Development: An Essay on the Social Formation of Peripheral Capitalism.  pgs 13-58.
§  Donald C. and Steward C.C. (eds.). (1981). Modes of Production in Africa: The Pre-colonial Era.  Pgs 11-34 and others.
§  Karl Marx, (...........); Primitive Accumulation of Capital.
§  Co Query V.C. (1976); “The Political Economy of African Peasantry and Modes of Production”.  In Gutkind P.C. W. And Wallenstein I. (eds.).  The Political Economy of Contemporary Africa.

For Discussion:
§  Review and Discussion of Harold Wolpe, pgs 1-43.
§  The articulation of capitalist with pre-capitalist transforms the latter but at the same time by slow pace of the changes which looks as underdevelopment.
§  Can we theoretically speak of a general theory of pre-capitalist mode of production in pre-colonial Africa?.
§  Assessment of Samir Amin’s African history.

8. World Capitalism: Crisis, Capitalism and Underdevelopment:

Reading:
§  A. G. Frank, (1980); Crisis in the World Economy.
§  A. G. Frank, (1981); Crisis in the Third World.
§  A. G. Frank, (1981); Reflections on the World Economic Crisis.
§  Samir A., Giovanni, A. G. Frank and Wallenstein I, (1981); Dynamics of Global Crisis.
§  Manfred Bienefield, (1988); “Dependency Theory and Political Economy of Africa’s Crisis”.
§  Lipietz A., (1984); “How Monetarian has choked Third World Industrialisation”.  NLR, No. 145.
§  Ray K. And Phil M., (1998); Globalisation and the Third World.  Chapter 1 &2.
§  Nancy H., (2006); “Globalisation and Primitive Accumulation”.  The contributions of David Harvey’s Dialectical Marxism.
§  Randall V. and Theo bald R., (1992); Political Change and underdevelopment.  Pg. 153-163.
For Discussion:
§  Globalisation and Continuing Dependency.?
§  Globalisation and Underdevelopment take a form of primitive accumulation.

9. Capitalism and Class Formation in the Periphery:

Reading:
§  Olle Tornqurst, (1982); Problems of Class Analysis: Contradiction and Social Movements in Third World Countries.  Report from a Nordic Seminar.
§  Gilbert Nudenda, (1981); “Problems and Prospects of Class Analysis in the Study of African Social Formation”.  JAM Issue 1, (1981).
§  Jean Copans, (1985); “The Marxist Conception of Class: Political and Theoretical Collaboration in the African and Africanist Context”.  ROAPE, No. 32.
§  Cohen R., (1972); “Class in Africa: Analytical Problems and Perspectives”.  Socialist Register.
§  Magubane B., (1976); “The Evolution of Class Structure in Africa”.  In Gutkind and Wallenstein (eds.).  The Political Economy of Contemporary Africa.  
§  Alejendro Colas; “Class Politics of Globalisation”.  Online.
§  Cleaver H. “The inversion of class perspective in Marxian theory: from Valorisation to self-valorisation”.

For Discussion:
§  Examine the issues of theory and perspectives as well as empirically of the problems of making class analysis of African social system.
§  How does globalisation affect the processes and relations of classes in modern capitalism?.

9. Capitalism, State in Post-colonial Society:

Reading:
§  Carnoy M. (1984); “The State and political theory.
§  John Holloway and Sol Piccioto (1978); State and Capital: A Marxist Debate.
§  Bob Jessop, (1982); The Capitalist State: Marxist Theory and Methods.
§  Clyde W. B., (1993); Critical Theory of State: Marxist, Neo-Marxist, Post-Marxist.
§  Poulantzas N., (1968); Political Power and Social Classes.
§  Clark S., (2978); “Capital, Fractions of Capital and the State: Neo-Marxist Analysis of the South African State”.  Capital and Class No.5.
§  Hamza A., (1979); “The State in Post-Colonial Societies: Pakistan and Bangladesh”.
§  Ellen M. W., (2003); “Globalisation and the State: Where is the Power of Capital?.  In Affredo S. (ed.).
§  William I. R., (1998); “Capitalist Globalisation and the Transnationlisation of the State.
§  Fred Block, (1980); “Beyond Relative Autonomy: State Managers as Historical Subject”.  Socialist Register.
§  Berch B., (1983); “The Class Nature of State in Peripheral Formations”.  JCA Vol. 3, No.3.
§  Leys C., (1976); “The Over Developed State: A Re-evaluation”.  ROAPE No.5.
§  Saul J. S., (1979); “The State in Post-Colonial Societies: Tanzania.
§  Saul J. S., (1976); “The Unsteady State: Uganda, Obote and General Amin”.  ROAPE No.5.
§  Von Freyhold, (1977); “The Post-Colonial State and its Tanzanian Version”.  ROAPE No.8.

For Discussion:
§  The concept of state is a complex theoretical construction which cannot be understand empirically.
§  Capital needs the support of the state coercion to thrive but in current globalisation the power of the state seems to be contained by the power of capital.  Discuss.
§  Examine the different perspectives of the nature of post-colonial state in Africa.  Is that debate still relevant to Africa of globalisation era?.

10. Capitalism and Underdevelopment: Revolutionary perspectives:

Reading:
§  Giovanni A. and John S. S., (1973); “Nationalism and Revolution in Subsaharan Africa”.  In Essays on the Political Economy of Africa.
§  .....................................(1973); “Socialism and Economic Development in Sub-Saharan African”.
§  A. G. Frank, (1970); “Who is the Immediate Enemy?: Capitalist Underdevelopment or Socialist Revolution.
§  Frantz Fanon, “The Pitfalls of National Consciousness ..... Africa”.  In Robert I. Rhodes (ed.).  Imperialism and Underdevelopment.
§  I an Roxborough, (1979).  Theories of Underdevelopment; pgs 131-141.
§  Bade O. Introduction to Marxist Political Economy; Chapter 12.
§  Earnest Mandel, (1979).  Revolutionary Marxism Today; Part II.
§  W. M. Freund (1981); “Class Conflict, Political Economy and the Struggle for Socialism in Tanzania”.  African Affairs No. 321.
§  G. K. Grohs, (1968); “Frantz Fanon and the African Revolution”.  JMAS Vol.6, No.4.
§  Rostisla U. (1980). Scientific Socialism and Frantz Fanon”.  The African Communist No.8.
§  Cabral A., (1980); “The Weapon of Theory”.  In Unity and Struggle.
§  Robert Blackey, (1974); “Fanon and Gabral: A Contrast in Theorist of Revolution for Africa”.  JMAS; Vol.12, No.2.
§  John F. (ed.).  (Forthcoming with Zed Press).  The Future of Revolutions: Re-thinking Radical Change in the Age of Globalisation.
For Discussion:
§  Trace and examine a shift in Left Concept of Revolution in peripheral Society.
§  Review and discussion of A. G. Frank “Who is the immediate enemy”?,
§  Does the theory of permanent revolution applicable to Africa of the (20th and 21st ).
§  In what ways both diversity in economic development as well as other social differentiations in Africa undermine class revolution and socialist transformation.
§  Engage yourself in the debate on state class and underdevelopment in Tanzania.

11. Theory and Practice: African Context-State, Class and Underdevelopment – Kenya and Ivory Coast:

            Kenya
§  Leys, C., (1975).  Underdevelopment in Kenya.
§  Leys C., (1978); “Indigenous Accumulation in Kenya”.
§  Leys C., (1978); Government Strategy in Kenya since 1971”.
§  Swainson N. “State and Economy in Post-Colonial Kenya”.  Canadian Journal of African Studies, No.3, 1978.
§  Swainson N., (1980); The Development of Corporate Capitalism in Kenya, 1918 – 1977.
§  Langdon S., (1977a); “Multinational Firms and the State in Kenya”., IDS, Vol. 9, No.1.
§  Langdon S., (1975); “Multinational Corporations, Taste Transfer and Underdevelopment: A Case Study from Kenya”.  ROAPE, No.2.
§  Swainson N. The Kenyan Bourgeoisie. ROAPE, No.8.
§  Kapilinsky, Henley, Leys (1980.  “Debate on Dependency in Kenya” RAOPE, No.17.
§  Bjorn Beckman, (1980); “Imperialism and Capitalist Transformation: Critique of a Kenyan Debate”.  ROAPE, No. 19.
§  Sabo Bako (1984); “The Kenyan Debate: Some Further Crises in the Underdevelopment and Dependency Theory in the Study of Neo-colonial Africa”.

Ivory Coast
§  Campbell, B., (1974); “Social Change and Class Formation in a French West African State”.   CTAS, Vol.8, No.2.
§  Campbell, B. (1978); “Ivory Coast.” In Dunn J. (ed.).  West African States: Failure and Promise.
§  Anyang Nyongo, (1978); “Liberal Models of Capitalist Development in Africa: Ivory Coast”.  Africa Development, Vol.3, No.2.

12. Theory and Practice: African Context – State, Class and Underdevelopment -

Nigeria
§  Bade Onimode, (1982); Underdevelopment in Nigeria.
§  Williams G. (1976); Nigeria: Economy and Society.
§  Nnoli, O., (1981).  Path to Nigeria Development.
§  Nnoli, O. (.........).  Dead end to Nigerian Development
§  Beckman B., (1977); “A Review of Gavin Williams (ed.).  Nigeria: Economy and Society”.  ROAPE, No.10.
§  Beckman B., (1981); “Imperialism and National Bourgeoisie, ROAPE, No.22.
§  Beckman B., (1982); “Whose State, State and Capitalist Development in Nigeria”.  ROAPE, No.23.
§  Collins P., (1977); “Public Policy and the Development of Indigenous Capitalism: The Nigerian Experience”.  JCCP, Vol.15.
§  Hoogevelt A., (1980); “Indigenisation and Technological Dependency”.  Development and Change, Vol.11.
§  Hoogevelt A., (1979); “Industrialisation in Nigeria”.  ROAPE, No.14.
§  A. R. Mustapha, (1985); “The Blocked Capitalist Thesis and Kano’s Political Economy”.  NJPS, Vol.4, No. 1 & 2.

Egypt

Reading:
§  Patrick Clawson, (1981); “The Development of Capitalism in Egypt”.  Khamsin: Journal of Revolutionary Socialist of the Middle-East.
§  Roger O. Bob S., (1972).  Chapter VIII.

For Discussion
§  In both (II) and (12) above you are expected to review and assess the debate on class, state, foreign capital and underdevelopment in Kenya, Ivory Coast, Nigeria and Egypt.

13. Capitalism and Democracy
Reading:
§  Rueschemeyer and Stephen, (1982).  Capitalist Development and Democracy.
§  Ronaldo M., (1994); “Democracy and Development: Deconstruction and Debates”.  In Sklair L. Capitalism and Development.
§  Milton Friedman, (1973); “The Relation between Economic Freedom and Political Freedom”.  In Edward G. And Richard Y. American Politics Reconsidered: Power and Inequality in America.
For Discussion:
§  Review and discussion of Reveschemeyer (1992) and Ronald M. (1994).

14. Theoretical Conclusion:

§  N. Bukharin, (1975); “World Economy and National Economy”.  In Hugo Radice, International Firms and Modern Imperialism.
§  R. Nurray (1975); “The Internationalisation of Capital and the Nation State”.  In Hugo Radice.
§  H. S. Marcussen and J. E. Torp, (1982).  Internationalisation of Capital: Prospects for the Third World: A Re-examination of Dependency Theory.

For Discussion
§  The power of theory in the study of capitalism in the periphery.

15. Conclusion - Closing up:
Discussion of classroom experience including criticism – self criticism

Additional Reading:
§  Timothy M. Shaw, (1976); “Zambia: Dependence and Underdevelopment”.  JAS, Vol.10., No.1.
§  Timothy M. Shaw and Malcolm G.  Dependence as an Approach to Understanding Continuing Inequalities in Africa”.  JMAS.
§  Claude Axe, (1978).  Revolutionary Pressures in Africa.
§  Samir A., (1975); “Toward a New Structural Crisis of the Capitalist System?.  In Widstrand (ed.).  Multinational Firms in Africa.
§  Brett E. A., (1973).  Colonialism and Underdevelopment in East Africa: The Politics of Economic Change.
§  Wallenstein I., (1974); “Dependence in an Interdependent World: The Limited Possibilities of Transformation within the Capitalist World Economy”.  African Studies Review.
§  Wallenstein I., (1976); “The Three Stages on African Involvement in the World Economy”.  In Gutkind and Wallenstein (eds.).
§  Rodney W., (1972).  How Europe Underdeveloped Africa?.
§  Saul J. S., (1974); “African Peasants and Revolution”.  ROAPE, No.1.
§  Thomas C. Y., (1974).  Dependence and Transformation.
§  Shivji I. G., (1975).  Class Struggles in Tanzania.
§  Mamdani M., (1975); “Class Struggles in Uganda”.  ROAPE, No.4.
§  Mamdani M., (.........).  Politics of Class formation in Uganda.
§  Turner T., (1976); “Multinational Corporations and the Instability of the Nigerian State”.  ROAPE, No.15.
§  Howard R., (1978).  Colonialism and Underdevelopment in Ghana.
§  Larry Y. And Jefrey R., (1977); “The State in Pre-capitalist Society: Politics and Class formation on the periphery of World Capitalism”.
§  Marc E. W.; On the nature of Underdevelopment: An Analysis of two views on Underdevelopment; Mimie.
§  Sheila S., (1980); “The Ideas of Samir Amin: Theory or Tautology.”  Journal of Development Studies, No.17, (1).
§  Eskor Toye, (2001); “The Economic Question in the Third World.
§  Omwony O., (1972); “Review of the Debate on Imperialism, State, Class and the National Question”.  Utafifi, Vol.II, No.2.
§  Samir A., (2002), “Africa: Living on the Fringe”.
§  Norma Parchonock, (1983), “The Debate on the Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism: Its relevance for the study of African history”.  Conference Paper.
§  Hirson B., (1982), “Stage Theory and the Passage to Socialism in Africa”.                               Conference Paper.
§  Makonen Getu, (1982), “The Transition to Socialism in Africa”.                                                              Conference Paper.  The University of Leeds.
§  Sara Berry, (1981), “Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Africa: A                                         Critical Essay”.  Working Paper, Boston University.
§  Wayne N. (1990), “African Capitalism, State Power, and Economic Development”.  JMAS Vol. 28, No.1.
§  Perter G., (1978), “The Articulation of Different Modes of Production:                                   Old and New Inequalities in Maka Villages (South-                                              east) Cameroon)”.
§  Aiden Fornter – Carter, “The Modes of Production Controversy”.
§  John Harrus, “The Modes of Production Controversy: Themes and                                           Problems of the Debate”.
§  Segun Osoba, “The Deepening Crisis of the Nigerian National                                                     Bourgeoisie”.
§  Bob S. And Bill F., “The Incorporation of Northern Nigeria into the World                               Capitalist Economy”.
§  Sara Berry, (........); “Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Africa: A                                         Critical Essay”.  Working Paper, Boston University.
§  Fanon (1968).  The Wretched of the Earth.

COURSE REQUIREMENTS:

§  Teaching of the Course is by a Seminar form;
§  Papers are going to be presented and books to be reviewed;
§  If you are not to do presentation, the weekly reading of the recommended text is important for you;
§  Students are expected to read all assigned texts, attend all classes and participate actively in discussions;
§  Questions that are raised at the end of each topic are guide for study by students.
§  Note that if you are not going to attend any class, tell me before the time.  Yet when you return you must do and submit the work of the week;
§  In order to purify learning and research, I have to take strict disciplinary action against any student who is found on plagiarism;
§  In our work, we will be analysing the thoughts, arguments and evidence of others to reformulate to develop our ideas.  So you must not copy or para-phrase some ones work and present it as your own.  Don’t come across an idea of one writer from another writer and claim you got it from the original source;
§  Finally, all texts consulted should be properly acknowledged.  These are elements of integrity of a scholar;
§  Assessment of students is based on end of Semester Examination (60%) and C.A (40%).  The C.A will be as follows:-

a)     Attendance/Class work/Participation -           20%
b)    Course Research Paper                            -           10%
c)     Working Group Discussion                      -           5%
d)    Literature Review                                       -           5%