GLOBALIZATION, CRISIS OF CITIZENSHIP/IDENTITY AND ETHNIC CONFLICT – 2009/2010

BAYERO UNIVERSITY, KANO

 

FACULTY OF SOCIAL AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

 

POL. 4313: PEACE AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION

 

SUB-THEME: GLOBALIZATION, CRISIS OF CITIZENSHIP/IDENTITY AND ETHNIC CONFLICT – 2009/2010

 

 

INSTRUCTOR: M. M. YUSUF

 

mmyusuf58@yahoo.com

mmyusuf07@gmail.com

polbuk@yahoo.com

http://www.mmyusuf.blogspol.com

 

 

 

 

Description of the Course

The last 20 years have seen another round of waves of ethnic conflict and national identity question across the globe.

 

This development has revealed the contradictions inherent in ethnic and national relationship built over many decades and centuries ago.

 

These changes bring out difficult questions about nation-state citizenship such that settler-indigenes or simply citizenship becomes a ground of ethnic conflict and raised to a higher level of discourse among scholars. Whereas this problem had been on the agenda of academic discourse, but in the last two decades we have seen proliferation of research and studies on citizenship and identity problems.

 

Fist to throw light about citizenship it can be constructed and or explained politically, culturally and legally. Politically it implies inclusion in a self-governing belonging to a specific national community, defined both by territorial boundaries and cultural practices. Legally, citizenship is a universal norm which means the possession of a set of civil, political and social rights.

 

This conceptualization of citizenship necessarily associates citizenship with nation-state. In other words a citizen of a nation-state is also a national of the state. But foreigners, even if they live there, it is said cannot belong.

 

However, we may pose other problematics. One is that in the face of globalization, what does it mean to be a citizen of any nation in a world where the nation state's rights and sovereignty have been eroded. Second, globalization has also produced global citizens i.e. people with global responsibilities of global governing institutions. Third, what of new "transnational citizens", of migrants to other parts of the world in control of big businesses in where they settle but still retaining commitment to their home country.

 

Thus, there has been social transformation caused by globalization which allows "hierarchical citizenship" in a world of unequal Nation – states. As such, while globalization makes citizens of the world to share common, values and knowledge, in reality it has also fragmented identities and rekindled ethnic divisions.

 

A famous theorist of culture and society, Ernest Gellner, observed that "---- for a given society to persist, it must be one in which its people can breath and speak and produce --- the same culture. But now in the age of fragmentation of the world system, notions of culture that were once constructed on the basis of the national must be reviewed. This new crisis of identity affecting both the centre and periphery of the world system reflects the tenuous conception of a bounded notion of culture and the idea of a homogenizing oneness of the nation state community and its rather static's, elitist and conflated conception of identity".

 

Such situation, as has been the case resulted in tense ethnic relationships, ethnicity and identity politics and social conflict. The concept of identity has two common, but opposite meanings. One, according to Mustafa Koc is that identity "is defined as a constitution based on the recognition of familiar and shared derivations including but not limited to ethnic, linguistic, religious, historical, territorial, cultural and political attributes with other people, groups or ideal". Second, is that identity is a continuous process of change of becoming rather than being. In other words, it is something constantly changing and transforming within the historical, social and cultural developments and practices such as globalization, modernity, and new innovations in technology.

 

Both meanings usually accommodate the problematic of citizenship as a result of transformation of identity of ethnic formations. One can see that the effect of these changes and the outcome are not limited to underdeveloped countries. But also in the developed world.

 

In terms of strategies for ethnic management of this kind of situation, contemporary experiments show that both political and economic strategies to guarantee democracy in governance and development in economic relations are imperative.

 

From the above contextualization of the subject, the course is presented in three parts of a single body of knowledge. First, is the conceptualization of globalization, citizenship and National identity. Second, is about citizenship, identity question and ethnic conflicts across the globe. This part will bring to focus, African, Latin America, Asian and European perspectives. Thirdly, is the strategy of ethnic identity and ethnic conflict management.

 

The objective of the course is to broaden the focus of students with a global perspective on citizenship, identity crisis and ethnic conflict and management of ethnicity and pluralism.

 

Topics and Readings

• Introduction: an Overview About the Course: The Topics to be Treated; Discussion About the Readings; Course Requirements; Aid from My Website For Learning and Research; Assessment of the Programme by Students; Rethinking the Study of Ethnic Conflict; Other Issues.
  
• Basic Concepts and Approaches (1): Definition of Key Concepts – Globalization; Citizenship; Identity; Ethnic; Ethnicity; Ethnic Conflict; Nation; Nationality; Nationalism; Multiculturalism; Pluralism; Migration.
  
• Basic Concepts and Approaches (2): Citizenship and Ethnic Identity Under Pressure from Globalization.
  
• Migration, Citizenship and Ethnic Conflict.
  
• Globalization, Cultural and Ethnic Conflict.
  
• Settlers and Residents Crisis: Citizenship Question and Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria
  
• Citizenship Question, Democracy and Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria.
  
• Citizenship, Environmental Issues and Ethnic conflict in the Niger Delta of Nigeria.
  
• Comparative Analysis of Citizenship Questions and Ethnic Conflict in Africa, Latin America, Asia, Europe, and Canada.
  
• Globalization, Citizenship Questions and Ethnic Conflict Management.
  
• Reports on Semester Group Projects and Response Papers.
  
• Concluding remarks by the course instructor on the course and performance of the students during the course work; critical comments by students on their classroom experience and views on the subject – matter of the course; eating and chatting.
  

Readings

• Stephan V. F. Guide to methods for Students of Political Science.
  
• Ronaldo Munck, The Difficult Dialogue: Marxism and Nationalism
  
• Samir Amin, Class and nation: Historically and in the Current Crisis. Chapter 1
  
• G. Glezerman, Classes and Nations. Chapter 1 and 2
  
• Jaroslav K. and Vitezalav V., Ethnic and Political Nations in Europe. Chapter 3
  
• Peter A. Nationalism. Chapter 5
  
• Cheryl H. "The National Question, Ethnic and State: Some Insights on South Africa". In Nzongola – Ntalaga and Margaret Lee (eds.). The State and Democracy in Africa
  
• John Burton, Conflict Resolution pgs 1 – 11
  
• IRC, Conflict Resolution pgs 6 – 12
  
• Robert Cox, A perspective on globalization
  
• Cerry Philip G., "Globalisation and the Changing Logic of Collective Action". International organization 49 (1995).
  
• Kofman, E. and G. Youngs (eds.) Globalisation: Theory and Practice
  
• James Mittlemann (eds.) Critical Reflections
  
• Jan Aart Scholte, Globalisation: A Critical Introduction.
  
• Michael Zurn, Global Governance and Legitimacy problems
  
• Thomas Risse, Social Constructionism Meets Globalisation
  
• Seyla Benhabib, Twilight of Sovereignty or the Emergence of Cosmopolitan Norms? Rethinking Citizenship in Volatile Times.
  
• Robert Van krieken, Citizenship and Democracy in Germany: Implications for Understanding Globalisation.
  
• Judith Gans, "Citizenship in the Context of Globalisation".
  
• Stephen Castles, "Hierarchical Citizenship in a world of Unequal Nation – State".
  
• Christian Joppke, "How Immigration is Changing Citizenship: A Comparative view", Ethnic and Racial Studies 23 No. 4 (1999).
  
• Therese J. F. A. and others, "Marxist and Non-Marxist Approaches to Migration in Tropical Africa". In African Perspectives Vol. 1 (1978).
  
• Jod W. G. and Victor P., "African Migration and Peripheral Capitalism". Ibid.
  
• Rafique R., "The Nature of Rural Migration in Hausa land: with Special Reference to Kano and Kaduna States".
  
• John Tomlinson, "Globalisation and Cultural Identity".
  
• Phillip O. S. "Globalisation and Cultural Conflict in Developing countries. The South African Example".
  
• Mustafa Koc, "Cultural Identity Crisis in the Age of Globalisation and Technology".
  
• David Rothkop, "In Praise of Cultural Imperialism? Effects of Globalisation on Culture". Foreign Policy June, 1997.
  
• Paolo Catenaccio, Between Multiculturalism and Globalisation.
  
• Subhabrata Bobby Banajee and Stephen Linstead, Globalisation, Multiculturalism and other Fictions: Colonialism for the New Millennium?
  
• Elizabeth May, Citizenship and Globalisation: Exploring Participation and Democracy in a Global Context.
  
• Eghosa E.Osaghae, "Introduction; Globalisation, Diversity and Citizenship". Identity, Culture and Politics. Vol. 5. Nos. 1 and 2 (2004).
  
• Bashir U. K. and Raufu Mustapha, The State, Citizenship and Democracy in Nigeria: A case Study of Zangon – kataf in Kaduna State – Conference Paper.
  
• Jibrin Ibrahim, "The Transformation of Ethnic – Regional Identities in Nigeria". Conference Paper.
  
• Berch B. "Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in the age of Globalisation".
  
• Ashley W. D. "Rethinking the National Question: Toward a Theory of Ethnicity and Nationality in the New World Order".
  
• Alliance Marxist – Leninist, The National Question in the era of Globalisation.
  
• Eskor Toyo, The national Question in Nigeria.
  
• The debate on the National Question and Radical Politics in Nigeria.
  
• Banguru Yusuf, The Search for Identity, Ethnicity and Political Violence.
  
• Banguru Yusuf and Toshihiro Nakamera, Democratisation and Governance Reform in Plural Societies.
  
• Ghia Nadin, "National and Democracy".
  
• Anamaria D. Globalisation and Ethnic Conflict: beyond the Liberal – Nationalist Distinction.
  
• Daniel Convers, Americanisation and the Planetary Spreal of Ethnic Conflict: The Globalisation trap.
  
• John R. Bowen, "The Myth of Global Ethnic Conflict". Journal of Democracy Vol. 7 No. 4.
  
• Samir Amin, Capitalism in the Age of Globalisation. Chapter 4.
  
• Fred W. Riggs, Globalisation, Ethnic Diversity and Nationalism: The Challenge for Democracies.
  
• Robin Wilson, Republicanism, Multiculturalism and Cosmopolitanism.
  
• Samuel P. "Huntington, The clash of Civilisations".
  
• Francis Fukuyama, "The End of History".
  
• James Kurth, "Europes Identity Problem and the New Islamist War".
  
• Philip Jenkins, "Demographics, Religion and the Future of Europe".
  
• Samuel G. E. "Ethnicity and Citizenship Rights in Nigeria".
  
• Dun P. S. "Ethnicity and political Conflict in Jos: Emergence, Dimensions and the Way forward".
  
• Mahmood M. 'Kivu 1997"; An essay on Citizenship and the State in Africa".
  
• Mahmood M. Citizen and Subject
  
• S. E. Osaghae, "The problem of Citizenship in Nigeria".
  
• Festus Okoye (ed.), Ethnic and Religious Rights in Nigeria. Chapter 3,4,5, and 6.
  
• Crawford Young, "Nation, Ethnicity and Citizenship: Dilemmas of Democracy and Civil Order. In Okello O. and Yakubu N. (eds.). Brain Gaino for the African Renaissance.
  
• Ibrahim Muazzam (ed.), The Citizenship Question in Nigeria. Chapter 1, 2, 5, 6, and7
  
• Toure Kazah Toire, Ethno – Religious Conflict in Kaduna State. Chapter 1 and 4
  
• Nnoli O., Ethnic politics in Nigeria. (1978)
  
• Nnoli O. Ethnic Politics in Nigeria (2008)
  
• Alubo O. Nigeria: Ethnic Conflicts and Citizenship Crisis in the Central Region.
  
• Abah O. S. Geographies of Citizenship in Nigeria.
  
• Remi A. "The Changing Nature of Ethnic Conflicts: Reflections on the Tiv – Jukun Situation".
  
• Fredrick Fasehon, "The Failure of the Nigerian State and the Necessity for Identity Politics".
  
• Rotimi Suberu, Ethnic Minorities and the Crisis of Democratic Governance in Nigeria. In Dele Olowu et al.
  
• Onigu Otite and Isaac Olawale (eds.), Community Conflict in Nigeria: management, Resolution and Transformation. Chapter 3, 4, 8, 9, 11 and 12.
  
• Kuna M. J. "The Sokoto Caliphate, Colonialism, and the formation of identities: The Construction of Northern Nigeria"
  
• Wunmi William, "Citizenship Question and Environmental Crisis in the Niger – Delta: A Critical Reflection".
  
• Rudolf T. M. and Douglas Y. (eds.). Oil Policy in the Gulf of Guinea: Security and conflict, Economic Growth, Social Developemnt. Chapter 8 and 11
  
• Odia Ofeimun, "The Nationality Dimension, Renewal Nationalist Agitations and the Politics of Subvertal Federalism In Nigeria". In the CDHR, Boiling Point: The Crisis in the Oil Producing Cmmunities in Nigeria.
  
• Human Rights Watch. The Price of Oil: Corporate Responsibility and Human Rights Violations in Nigeria's Oil Producing Communities. Chapter 5, 6, and 8.
  
• Kenneth Omeje, "The State, Conflict and Evolving Politics in the Niger – Delta, Nigeria". ROAPC No. 101.
  
• Ojaikonotu Victor, "Oil, Minorities and Politics of Exclusion in the Niger – Delta of Nigeria.
  
• Amy Chua, World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability.
  
• Nathan Glazer and Daniel P. M. Ethnicity: Theory and Experience. Chapter 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14.
  
• Peter S. L. (ed.). Race and Ethnic Relations in Canada. Various.
  
• Jean L. E. (ed.). Two Nations, Many Cultures: Ethnic Groups in Canada. Various.
  
• Chris O. Uroh, "Consensus and Conflict Management in Plural Societies. Threading the Middle Path".
  
• Rev. Peter B. T. "Conflict Management in a Multi – Ethnic and Multi – Religious Society". In Etanbi E. O. Alemika and Festus Okoye (eds.). Ethno – Religious Conflicts and Democracy in Nigeria.
  
• Emmy Godwin Irobi, Ethnic Conflict Management in Africa: A Comparative Case Study of Nigeria and South Africa.
  
• Eric Kaufmann, "Liberal Ethnicity". Beyond Liberal Nationalism and Minority Rights.
  
• R. T. Akinyele, "Power – Sharing and Conflict Management in Africa: Nigeria, Sudan and Rwanda". Africa Development Vol. 25 No. 3 and 4 (2000).
  
• Victor A. K. "Conflict Management in the Former USSR and World experience".
  
• Fracis M. D. "Mediating Competing Claims to Self – Determination: The Case of Sudan". In Issa Shivji (ed.) State and Constitutionalism: An African debate on Democracy.
  
• R. B. Jain, "Federalism in India: The Quest for Stability in Democratic Governance".
  
• Bishna N. M. "Democracy and the Claims of Diversity: Framing the Indian Experience.
  
• Jibrin Ibrahim, "Ethno – Religious Limit to the Construction of Federalism in Africa: Yugoslavia and Nigeria Compared.
  
• Aaron T. G. "Federalism and the National Question in Nigeria: A Theoritical Explanation.
  
• Arend Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration
  
• Zwawi Ibrahim, "Globalisation and National Identity: Managing Ethnicity and Cultural Pluralism in Malaysia".
  
• Rian Leath and Hussaini Solomon, On Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict Management in Nigeria. "Africa Journal of Conflict Resolution". No. 1 (2001).
  
• Eric Stern et al. "Crisis Management in Transitional Democracies: The Baltic Experience". Government and Opposition Vol. 37.
  
• Steven L. Burg, "Nationalism and Civil Identity: Ethnic Models for Macedonia and Kosovo". Government and Opposition Vol. 37
  
• Ahmad H. H. "The Reconceptualisation of Conflict Management". Journal of Peace and Development.
  
• Perry Mars, "Ethnic Politics Mediation and Conflict Resolution: The Guyana Experience.
  
• Anastassia Obydenkova, "Institutional Tools of Conflict Management – Asymmetrical Federalism in Ethnic – Territorrial Conflicts: Quantitative Analysis of Russian Regions. Peace, Conflict and Developemnt. Vol. 7 (2005).
  
• Anne Pitch, "Overview of Conflict management Method".
  
• Caroline Ifeka, Ethnic Nationalities, God and the State: Whether the Federal Republic of Nigeria". ROAPC No. 85.
  
• Donald Rathchild, "Reconfiguring State – Ethnic Relations in Africa: Libhralisation and the Search for New Routines of Interactive". In Peter Lewis (eds.) Africa: Dilemmas of Developemnt and change.
  
• Nnoli O. Ethnicity and Democracy in Africa: Intervening variables.
  
• Marina Ottaway, " Ethnic Politics in Africa: Change and Continuity". In Richard Joseph (eds.) State, Conflict and Democracy in Africa.
  
• Eghosa E. Osaghoe". Human Rights and Ethnic Conflict Management: The case of Nigeria". Journal of Peace Research Vol. 33 No. 2.
  
• Hans, O. S. "Foreign Capital and Social Conflict in Indonesia". In Robert I. Rihodes (ed.)
  
• A. S. Mohammed, "The Dynamics of the Current Ethnic Conflicts". Nigerian Journal of Policy and Strategy Vol. 12 Nos. 1 and 2.
  
• Abdul Raufu Mustapha, "The National Question and Radical Politics in Nigeria". ROAPE No. 37.
  
• Sule Bello, The Enemy Within: The Challenges of Managing Multiculturalism in Nigeria.
  
• Greeme Duncan, Marx and Mill! Two Views of Social Conflict and Social Harmony.
  
• Delmer M. Hilyard, "Research Models and Designs for the Study of Conflict". In the Freid E. Jandt (ed.). Conflict Resolution Through Communication.
  

 

Course Requirement

• The teaching of the course is by giving lectures. Each topic is expected to be covered in one lecture period. When the duration of the semester is against my plan some topics may be combined for treatment. However, the last 30minutes of each period will be for presentation and discussion on chosen text or question.
  
• Assessment of students is based on end ofsemester examination (70%) and continuous assessment (30%). The CA will be determined by obligatory weekly assignment; active participation in discussing the assignment; a group small research project; research project response paper; a supervised test; ICT usage; attendance;
  
• At the end of the semester each seminar will submit a report on classroom experience
  
• There are many teaching aids on my website which are recommended to enhance the capacity of students in ICT, communicative writing, etc.
  
• In order to purify the system of learning and research I have to take strict disciplinary action against any student who is found on plagiarism. To avoid plagiarism you must not copy or paraphrase someone else work and present it as your own. Again, all texts consulted should be properly acknowledge. The penalty is that any work found to be plagiarism will receive zero. And any student found in two cases of plagiarism will result in being assessed "00" in the overall CA on the course.
  

 

My watch word in this year's teaching is whatever ideas received from me or from text books given to read are not correct and final. You must challenge and criticize them in order to keep learning.

 

M. M. YUSUF